Public transport Essay Example for Free

Public transport Essay The technique the client and I used to attempt to help her manage her agoraphobia was to expose her gradually to her fear of open spaces. We did this by going for walks increasing the distance each time as the clients anxiety levels decreased. We would not extend distancing until the client could reach a certain agreed point without feeling anxious. During the exposure the client and I would discuss how she was feeling and if she became very anxious we would stop and adopt relaxation techniques in the form of breathing. A fuller discussion of these techniques will be discussed later on. The aim was to relax the clients while confronting her with her fear and then build up gradually so she could take a taxi to her fathers flat and take other public transport.  When the client reached the stage where she became comfortable with the walking distances we arranged a public transport ride. During the days prior to the journey we adopted visualisation where the client would imagine what would happen in the bus. We would also discuss how she would deal with the situation if she were to suffer an epileptic fit while in a bus or out walking. This technique is a form of behaviour therapy called graded exposure (Atkinson 1993) it is all very well facilitating the person to understand why she is phobic but this does not mean the person will be cured of her phobia (Manville 1991).  The aim of behaviour therapy is to change the clients behaviour. It works on the principle that the behaviour has been learnt, but this did not cause her to change her behaviour. The basic approach of graded exposure is to relax the phobia and then introduce her gradually to the object or situation she fears. The nurse can either do this with the client through visualisation or actual exposure (Atkinson 1993).  This client was exposed using visualisation but the technique used the most was direct exposure to the situation.  The ideas to take the clients smallest fear and confront this first working up to their largest fear. This is called the graded hierarchy. The clients smallest fear was to go out of her front door and her largest was to be able to travel on public transport at will. Working towards the clients largest goal gradually is most effective. Clients may lose their fears more readily if they actually expose themselves to anxiety provoking situations in a sequence of graduate steps.  (Sherman 1972 cited in Atkinson 1993 page 678).  Another technique we use to help clients manage her agoraphobia was relaxation techniques.  The clients experienced various unpleasant anxiety symptoms usually just before and during the exposure. The client would feel agitated at the prospect of experiencing anxiety while outside. She would suffer from many physical symptoms. She would have increased pulse rate, pounding heart, nausea and a dry mouth. She would also sweat and complain of butterflies in her stomach or churning. As part of my assignment of the clients anxiety I needed to be able to have observe these feelings and symptoms in the client. Then together we could deal with them and ease her uncomfortable state. I asked questions to myself such as Is she sweating? Is her body language suggestive of anxiety? This would mean shaking or agitated moments.  During times when the client was anxious she found it difficult to concentrate and think rationally or logically. She found it difficult to name her feelings. These are normal reactions. (Wilson and Kneisl 1996). Emotionally the client described herself as tense, nervy, anxious and like Im going to die. The clients would also have negative thoughts about herself. She would say she was silly and useless. So anxiety affected her physical state and cognitions.  This anxiety was causing the client to become increasingly isolated in her flat and also affected her self-esteem because she felt the anxiety controlled her. She recognised the need to control her anxiety, and she wanted to control it and therefore needed to be educated about anxiety and then hopefully she feels more competent to deal with her feelings. The client and I engaged in teaching about anxiety. It was explained that anxiety symptoms occur when our brains interpret a given situation as anxiety provoking. (Baker 1995). The subject of our body involved in the responses in these responses is the autonomic nervous system, which is divided into two components; the Sympathetic and the Parasympathetic systems. The Sympathetic system causes the individual responses to speed up and the Parasympathetic causes the responses to slow down. So when a person encounters an anxiety-provoking situation, for example, a person approaches someone with a knife, does that person run away or stay and fight? This is termed to fight or flight Syndrome and is dependent on the individuals or biological response to the stressor.  These responses to stress are quite normal and we need them to protect us from danger. Anxiety becomes a problem when a person perceives a situation as a stressor even when it is not. The person will find it difficult to relax and calm down. The interpretation of their anxiety and unpleasant feelings will in turn reinforce more anxiety. Severe anxiety and panic will interfere with the persons role of functioning and daily living as it did with this client. She could not do any of her own shopping or engage in any of her hobbies due to lack of concentration and also could not engage in employment. A consistently sensitised body will eventually become mentally and physically exhausted which prevents activity and decreases esteem (Weekes 1995). It was important for the client to be taught the facts because then the client can begin to recognise when she feels anxious and also can realise that it is a normal reaction to stress (Wilson and Kneisl 1996).  The client and myself would sit in comfortable chairs and think of a place we associated with being relaxed and peaceful environment, for example, in the farm or beach, then we would imagine ourselves in the peaceful surroundings again. This technique is based on the rationale that muscle tension is the bodys response to anxiety. Muscular tension increases the feeling of anxiety and reinforces it. Deep muscle relaxation decreases the tension and blocks the anxiety. It aims to decrease the pulse rate and respiratory rate, blood pressure and perspiration, which are both heightened in anxiety. (Wilson and Kneisl 1996). As the client experienced those feelings the technique seemed relevant to attempt to alleviate the uncomfortable feelings. So graded exposure and relaxation techniques are highly effective when combined together to alleviate fears and phobias. The principles of the treatment are to substitute a response that is incompatible with anxiety, that is, relaxation. It is difficult to be anxious and relaxed all the same time. (Atkinson 1993).  Before we begin the exposure and relaxation, the client could not even make it as far as the front step outside her front door. By the time the exposure therapy was undergoing she began to gradually improve until more comfortable with going outside. She was far from cured but she was gradually becoming more confident when been exposed. Current research on behaviour therapy supports it as a treatment for agoraphobia. For example; Behavioural treatment based on exposure and can provide lasting relief to the majority of patients. (Giovanne et al 1995 p 87).  The education I engaged in with a client regarding relaxation techniques and the biology of anxiety could be said but to be health prolonging. We were trying to work together to empower the clients to make her own decisions about her treatment based on the knowledge of her illness. Once she understood her illness she could begin to make health choices. This education may affect her perception of her illness. Perceived health stresses play a role in the frequency of health promotion behaviour (Pencle 1987). Before we began the therapies the client had a very negative opinion of herself and her abilities, this affected her self-esteem and therefore her experiences of well being. Therefore this affected her perceptions of her illness. Through education, knowledge and practice the client began to fill more positive and began making more decisions about her health and treatment. These examples of decision-making could then be reinforced to her to emphasise the value of good health. (Pender 1987).

Anesthesiology Essay -- essays research papers

The work of an anesthesiologist is fulfilling with many benefits. A person would desire to become an anesthesiologist because there is a high standard of excellence due to a low percentage of doctors in this special field, not to mention the high salary. This occupation benefits the doctor through a feeling of personal gratification while receiving a great education. The community benefits through his or her help relieving the pain accompanied by surgery. Becoming an anesthesiologist involves extensive education and training, while also having many requirements and a good salary range. Anesthesiology, the medical field dealing with anesthesia and related matters, including recovery and pain, developed as a specialized field because of the dangers of anesthesia. Anesthesia involves the use of carefully graduated doses of strong poisons to deaden pain. Gradually surgeons and physicians saw anesthesiologists as tools to broaden the surgical horizons by allowing surgeries seen as inconceivable to be performed. Anesthesiology entails the practice of medicine associated with: The management of procedures for rendering a patient insensible to pain and emotional stress during surgical, obstetrical, and certain other medical procedures. The support of life functions under the stress of anesthetic and surgical manipulations, and the clinical management of the unconscious patient, while managing problems in pain relief. Along with the management of problems in cardiac and respiratory...

The Different Ways We Evaluate People

Evaluation and Judgment Checkpoint Evaluation and Judgment Checkpoint Question One: What are the different ways in which we evaluate people? When we meet someone for the first time, we notice a number of surface characteristics—clothes, gestures, manner of speaking, tone of voice, appearance, and so on. Then, drawing on these cues, we assign the person a ready-made category. Associated with each category is a schema (plural: schemata), which, is a set of beliefs or expectations about something (in this case, people) that is based on past experience and is presumed to apply to all members of that category (Fiske & Taylor, 1991). Schemata serve a number of important functions (Gilbert, 1998). First, they allow us to make inferences about other people. We assume, for example, that a friendly person is likely to be good-natured, to accept a social invitation from us, or to do us a small favor. Second, schemata play a crucial role in how we interpret and remember information. Schemata can also lure us into â€Å"remembering† things about people that we never actually observed. Most of us associate the traits of shyness, quietness, and preoccupation with one’s own thoughts with the schema introvert. Question Two: How do these factors play a role in our expectations of other people? Over time, as we continue to interact with people, we add new information about them to our mental files. However, our later experiences generally do not influence us nearly so much as our earliest impressions. This is known as the primacy effect. According to Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor (1991), they point out that human thinkers are â€Å"cognitive misers. † Instead of exerting ourselves to interpret every detail we learn about a person, we are stingy with our mental efforts. Once we have formed an impression about someone, we tend to keep it, even if our first impressions were formed by jumping to conclusions or through prejudice (Fiske, 1995). Thus, if you already like a new acquaintance, you may excuse a flaw or vice you discover later on. Conversely, if someone has made an early bad impression on you, you may refuse to believe subsequent evidence of that person’s good qualities. Moreover, first impressions can lead to a self-fulfilling prophecy. A stereotype is a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a social category. Question Three: What are the disadvantages of these expectations? A stereotype is a special kind of schema that may be based on almost any distinguishing feature, but is most often applied to sex, race, occupation, physical appearance, place of residence, and membership in a group or organization (Hilton & Von Hipple, 1996). When our first impressions of people are governed by a stereotype, we tend to infer things about them solely on the basis of their social category and to ignore facts about individual traits that are inconsistent with the stereotype. As a result, we may remember things about them selectively or inaccurately, thereby perpetuating our initial stereotype. For example, with a quick glance at almost anyone, you can classify that person as male or female. Once you have so categorized the person, you may rely more on your stereotype of that gender than on your own perceptions during further interactions with the person. Stereotypes can easily become the basis for self-fulfilling prophecies. References Morris, C. & Maisto, A. (2005) Social Psychology. Retrieved November 13, 2009, from The Psychology of Science, Axia College e-Resource.

Statement Of The Problems Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 912 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? This paper is to test the relationship between management compensation and the dividend payout and the effect of public ownership, state ownership as well as family ownership will be taken into consideration. Dividend policy has long been a difficult task for the directors since it will be influenced by different factors. Different research papers have developed different models for the firms to apply a comprehensive dividend policy. Bhattacharyya and Morrill have figured out a negative relationship between management compensation and dividend payout by incorporating the US firms data into their analysis. However, the corporation feature of US firm is not diversified and complicated as Hong Kong and Chinese firms listed on the Asian stock market. Thus, this paper will perform an empirical research by adopting the Hong Kong and Chinese firms data to investigate the relationship between management compensation and dividend payout. Literature review Br ealy and Myers (2003) have revealed that dividend policy is one of the ten important unsolved problems in the finance society. Up till now, we still not yet fully understand the factors which are influential to the dividend policy. There have been different researches investigating the relationship between dividend policy and the other components. There are several ways to distribute the dividends. In normal practice, most of the corporations would choose to declare cash dividend or stock repurchase. Souml;hnke M. Bartram, Philip Brown, Janice C.Y. How, and Peter Verhoeven has investigated roles of the firms and country level agency conflicts in determining the dividend policy. They found out the relationship between the protection level of the country and the dividend policy; and a negative relationship between investment opportunities and total payouts. That means in a high protection country, shareholders are more willing to receive less dividend for a better investment opport unity. Also, in 2001, Fenn and Liang have showed that management stock options and payouts are negatively correlated and there is a positive relationship between repurchases and management stock options. However, in the last two decades, Chun Chang (1993) suggested that there is a positive linkage between the management compensation and the payout because it can be used to eliminate managers incentive to overretain funds and overspend. In 1987, Lewellen, W. G., C. Loderer, and K. Martin have found the executive pay is systematical to the dividend payout, which the result is consistent with Healys (1985) observation. In 2003, Bhattacharyya has developed a model of dividend policy which elaborates the linkage between dividend and executive compensation based in the principal-agent paradigm. In his model, cash will either by distributed by directors/managers as dividend or re-invested by directors/managers in some positive net present value projects. There will be two class ifications to distinguish different types of managers: High quality and low quality. His model assumes that high quality directors would invest the cash in some net present value projects while low quality directors would distribute cash in form of dividend to the shareholders. In other words, high productive directors getting higher pay would distribute fewer dividends than low productive directors getting lower pay. Empirically, it proved that there has been a negative relationship between management compensation and dividend payout. In 2008, Bhattacharyya and Morrill have conducted a tobit regression test using the US firms data to develop a more formal model related to the management compensation to the proportion of earnings paid out as dividends and document empirical support for the hypothesis arising from the previous model. The result has perfectly revealed that management compensation and dividend payout are negatively correlated. However, it is difficult to judge wh ether those research can be applied to either Asian countries or Hong Kong because they are based on the foreign market data. The typical features of Hong Kong and Asian countries should be state-ownership and family ownership corporations. There are limited papers discussing about the relationship between the management under different ownership types and dividend payout. Most of the researches are based on the data extracted from the US firms (Publicly ownership). In 2003, Klaus Gugler found that state-controlled firms have large target payout ratios while family-controlled firms have a lower one but the data is based on foreign stock market. Objective of the study Dividend policy is a fundamental strategy in corporate finance because it is influenced by different unknown factors and will influence other components accordingly. A comprehensive payout policy would contribute to a better corporation performance in the future and present. At the same time, management compensati on policy would also affect the overall performance of the corporation. With an appropriate compensation policy and payout, the corporation would be able to have a better performance as well as to attract more investors. Thus, it is essential for us to understand the relationship between payout and management compensation. Although there are researches discussing about its relationship, there are limited researches investigating into the Hong Kong and Asian market. It is difficult to judge the appropriateness of Bhattacharyyas model as it is based on the US firms data. The objective of this paper is to investigate whether the Bhattacharyyas model and the former research papers can be applied to the Hong Kong and Asian markets which are very different from US firms. This paper conducts an empirical research by using Hong Kong listed corporations (majority) and the other significant Asian listed corporations to test if management compensation alone, management compensation of a sta te-controlled corporation or management compensation of a family controlled corporation will affect the payout ratio. Statement of hypotheses Methodology Time schedule/action plan Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Statement Of The Problems Finance Essay" essay for you Create order